International Journal of Functional Research in Science and Engineering (IJFRSE)
The International Journal of Functional Research in Science and Engineering (IJFRSE) is an open-source, peer-reviewed journal that stands at the forefront of academic research. We are dedicated to the dissemination of high-quality research spanning all fields of science and engineering. Our commitment to excellence is reflected in the depth and breadth of the research we publish.
HEAVY METAL CONTENT & HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF BEEF AND CHICKEN SAMPLES SOURCED FROM LOCAL RESTAURANTS IN MINING AREAS OF EBONYI AND ABIA STATE
This study was carried out to assess the levels of heavy metal contamination in giblets sourced from local restaurants in Southeastern Nigeria. The research employed atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS) for heavy metal analysis, followed by health risk assessments. The results revealed that copper (Cu) had the highest concentration among the metals detected, with a peak value (1.89 mg/kg) seen in the beef from Ishiagu, while cobalt (Co) had the lowest concentration, recorded at 0.02 mg/kg in the beef from Leru. In the Liver, iron (Fe) was the most abundant metal, with a maximum concentration (1.12 mg/kg) in Ishiagu, whereas arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) had the lowest concentrations (0.01 mg/kg) in Leru. The EDI analysis showed that Cu had the highest daily intake value (3.1002 × 10⁻³ and 2.8598 × 10⁻³ mg/kg/day) in the beef from Leru and Nkalagu, respectively, while Pb and As recorded the lowest EDI (1.86 × 10⁻⁵ and 3.71 × 10⁻⁵ mg/kg/day) in the Liver and Gizzard, respectively, across all locations. The THQ values indicated that Cu posed the highest non-carcinogenic risk, with a THQ (6.2004 × 10⁻²) in the beef from Leru, while Co had the lowest THQ (1.114 × 10⁻⁴) seen in the Liver .The HI values exceeded the safety threshold of 1 in Ishiagu, with a total HI of 1.1574, while the lowest HI was recorded in Nkalagu (5.84 × 10⁻¹). The CR analysis showed that nickel (Ni) had the highest carcinogenic risk, with a peak CR of 2.8412 × 10⁻³ in the beef from Nkalagu, whereas arsenic (As) had the lowest CR (1.58 × 10⁻⁷) in the Liver from Leru. Based on these findings, stricter monitoring and control measures are recommended to reduce heavy metal contamination in poultry products, ensuring food safety and protecting public health.
Heavy metals; Beef; Chicken; Ebonyi State; Abia State; Public health.
Copyright (c) 2026 Adaude Euphemia. Amalunweze, Ekene John Nweze, Chukwuduziem Nnamdi Igboeli, Chidimma Promise Okafor (Author)
Nutrition is the science of food and its relationship to health. Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. Dietetics as the practical application of the principles of nutrition plays a major role in nutritional neuroscience that deals with the nutritional factors and their correlation to the human cognitive behavior and emotions. Malnutrition has a life-long effect. Malnutrition in early infancy results in decrease in number of neurons resulting in intellectual disability and mental retardation. Psychological manifestations including cognitive inadequacies. People who suffer from a mental health-related pathology have a higher risk to encounter cardiovascular complications that the general population. The psychiatric patients are vulnerable to develop obesity due to sedentary lifestyle, side effects of medication and inability to take care of themselves. This paper looks at the causes of mental disorder which include Biological factors, life experience and environmental factors, psychological and individual factors. Role of nutrition in the prevention of mental health were also discussed. Societal shifts, changes in the typical diet, food insecurity, genetics, nutrition in the prenatal environment, nutrition and stress, energy metabolism and glucose. The roles of major health constituent on mental health were analyzed. Role of vitamins and minerals, neuropsychiatric manifestations due to electrolyte / water disturbance and side effects related to certain nutrient in excess were also discussed. Dietary recommendations were made.
Nutrition, Psychiatry, Malnutrition, Health, Pathology
Copyright (c) 2026 Bukkyadijat Olahan (Author)
ASSESSING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY MINERALS IN ENUGU STATE FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITES FOR WATER PURIFICATION
This study evaluates the potential of locally sourced clay minerals from Enugu State, Nigeria, for synthesizing zeolites applicable in water purification. Kaolinite-rich clay samples were collected from deposits in Nsukka, Obollo-Afor, and Emene, characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to determine their mineralogical and chemical compositions. The clays, primarily composed of kaolinite (60–75%) with minor quartz and illite, exhibited high silica (SiO₂: 45–50%) and alumina (Al₂O₃: 30–35%) contents, suitable for zeolite synthesis. Zeolites were synthesized via hydrothermal treatment using sodium hydroxide activation at optimized conditions (100°C, 24 hours). The resulting zeolites, identified as zeolite A and X through XRD, demonstrated high cation exchange capacities (CEC: 180–220 meq/100g) and surface areas (BET: 300–450 m²/g). Batch adsorption tests assessed their efficacy in removing heavy metals (Pb²⁺, Cd²⁺) and organic pollutants (methylene blue) from contaminated water, achieving removal efficiencies of 85–95% under optimal conditions (pH 6, 25°C, 2 g/L dosage). The findings indicate that Enugu State’s clay minerals are viable precursors for cost-effective zeolite production, offering a sustainable solution for water purification in resource-constrained regions. Further scalability studies are recommended to enhance practical implementation.
Water, Clay, Synthesis, Zeolites, Purification
Copyright (c) 2026 Nwaka N. Idah (Author)
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF MICROBIAL ANALYSIS OF FRESH AND SPOILT FRUIT
Fruit juice is a liquid extract obtained by pressing or squeezing the natural juices from fruits. This study aimed to compare the microbial load in freshly prepared fruit juice, commercially sold fruit juice, and spoiled fruit juice. Samples were purchased from a market in the Mgbakwu area of Awka North. A total of eight commercially sold packaged juices were obtained. Fresh pineapple and orange juices were prepared aseptically and then divided into two portions: one was allowed to spoil, while the other was taken to the laboratory fresh for microbial analysis. Sixty milliliters of each spoiled and freshly prepared juice were taken to Conig-Simonne Biomedicals for microbial analysis.​Nutrient agar and Eosin Methylene Blue (EMB) agar were used for the isolation of microorganisms, and microbial counts were determined using plate methods. Freshly prepared fruit juices showed no microbial growth, while spoiled fruit juices had a higher microbial load of 2.50×10⁴ CFU/mL. The microorganisms isolated included Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis, Lactobacillus spp., Shigella flexneri, Proteus mirabilis, Citrobacter freundii, and Salmonella enterica.​This study demonstrates that both commercial and homemade fruit juices are safe for human consumption, provided they are handled hygienically and consumed shortly after preparation, as they showed no microbial growth. However, homemade and commercially sold spoiled fruit juices exhibited signs of microbial contamination. These findings provide insights into microbial spoilage mechanisms and can inform strategies for improving fruit juice preservation.
Fruit, Juice, Microbial, Commercially, Fresh and Spoiled.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ifeyinwa Ibekwe, Chinwendu N Ozoh (Author)
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE PREDICTION OF CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE
Adaptability and survival of the human body is dependent on the ability of separate body organs to work together as a system. The kidney as one of the important organs of the body deserves proper care to avoid failure. This research sort to simulate and postulate the threshold points of kidney failure using SEUCR test results obtained from indigenous hospitals in the Eastern part of Nigeria and synchronized in TensorFlow; an open source library for numerical computation. The result outcome is presented in realtime large-scale and verified with machine learning. A Virtual kidney diagnostic platform at 97% accuracy depicted threshold points of kidney failures.
Artificial Intelligence, Kidney failure, Chronic, Threshold, Human body.
Copyright (c) 2026 Ngozi Ernest-Okoye, Ugochukwu Chinedu Odogwu (Author)
EXPLORING THE MOTHERS UTILIZATION OF FOOD ITEMS FOR INFANTCOMPLEMENTARY FEEDING WITH CHILDREN (6-23) MONTHS IN ENUGU STATENIGERIA: A FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION
The focus group discussion highlights a clear preference for yellow maize 66.7%, primarily due to its familiarity among women and its appealing color. The yellow pigmentation, associated with βcarotene—a precursor of vitamin A—is believed to contribute to its high acceptability. β-carotene, abundant in yellow-colored plant foods, supports vision, skin health, cancer prevention, and combats vitamin A deficiency. Traditional food processing techniques such as soaking, fermenting, sun drying, roasting, and milling were commonly employed by women in the study area. These methods enhance the digestibility, shelf life, and nutritional quality of complementary foods, especially when combined with amino acid-rich ingredients. Notably, fermentation introduces probiotics that benefits gastrointestinal health. Soaking roasting and milling increases shelf- life of CF. However, the study also observed that a significant number of women (53.3%) introduced complementary foods before the recommended six-months period, which contributes to adverse health outcome such as retarded growth, atopic diseases, and increased risk of type 1 diabetes. The findings underscore the need for nutritional education and promotion of appropriate complementary feeding practices to ensure optimal infant development.
Yellow maize, Complementary Feeding, B- carotene, focus group, processing
Copyright (c) 2026 Chukwuemeka Ngozi Elizabeth, Pauline Ngozi Ikwuegbu (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF TEXTILE DYEEFFLUENTS USING LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY-BASED NANOMATERIALS IN NIGERIA
The increasing pollution of the environment due to textile dye effluents in Nigeria is a major source of danger to both aquatic environment and human health thus there is need to have sustainable remediation measures. This paper explores synthesis and analysis of iron-doped clay-based nanomaterials using the local resources in Ogun State, Nigeria to degrade popular textile dyes, reaction to Congo Red and Methylene Blue. Sampling was done in three locations- Ijebu-Ode, Abeokuta and Ifo characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy which showed the predominating mineral as kaolinite with different percentages of quartz and illite. Nanomaterials were prepared through wet impregnation using the iron chloride and then underwent calcination at 500 C which improved responsiveness of the material to visible light. The efficiencies of degradation of the two dyes in a laboratory-scale reactor (with LED irradiation of less than 100 W) at 4 hours showed efficiencies higher than 75 percent of each dye following pseudo-first-order kinetics, with rate constants of 0.015 to 0.025 min -1. Reusability tests indicated that it was stable after five cycles with more than 60% of efficiency. The study incorporates primary primary data in form of batch experiments done in triplicate and statistical analysis of ANOVA, which supports the idea of significant differences between performance according to clay source and doping level. The localized solutions are made in local areas, and the need to utilize these solutions is justified by the demographic factors of Ogun State being mainly Yoruba ethnic groups with a population of about 6.38 million who carry out their agricultural and industry activities. The results are in favor of scaling these nanomaterials in the treatment of wastewater to provide cost-effective alternatives to the existing one. The work contributes to the environmental chemistry field since the use of indigenous resources to control pollution in developing situations is utilized.
Photocatalytic Degradation, Clay-based Nanomaterials, Textile Dyes, Visible-light Photocatalysis, Pseudo-first-order Kinetics, Environmental Remediation
Copyright (c) 2026 Offor Njideka (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE ANTIMICROBIAL POTENTIAL OF INDIGENOUS ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI FROM MEDICINAL PLANTS IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA, FOR NOVEL ANTIBIOTIC DEVELOPMENT
This paper assesses the antimicrobial properties of endophytic fungi growing on selected medicinal plants within the State of Anambra, Nigeria, with a view of developing new antibiotics against the backdrop of the increasing antimicrobial resistance. The main aim was to isolate and identify endophytic fungi of Ocimum gratissimum, Vernonia amygdalina, and Azadirachta indica, screen, the bioactive compounds and determine the activity against pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, characterize promising compounds, and evaluate scalability to produce antibiotics. The research was done in the rural and peri-urban regions of Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi and involved gathering 300 plants samples (100 each species) in 15 sites, which were then isolated through surface sterilization and growth on potato dextrose agar. Id was done through morphology and molecular techniques such as ITS sequencing where 62 distinct isolates were obtained. Agar well diffusion screening showed that 18 isolates have significant activity with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0. 25 to 8 mg/mL. Key compounds were also characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography and novel polyketides and alkaloids with broad-spectrum activity were identified. ANOVA statistical analysis was used to establish that the difference in activity was significant among the isolates (p < 0.05). The research indicates endophytic fungi as unexploited resources to address antibiotic resistance, which has added value to microbiology by offering empirical evidence on the biodiversity of Nigerian areas and presented a guideline on regional adaptations. This article highlights the value of indigenous resources in innovation in health, and possible therapeutic innovations made locally. Limitations: The testing is only due to laboratory scale implying that in vivo testing should be carried out in the future. In general, this paper suggests a scalable endophyte-based drug discovery model in a developing environment.
Endophytic Fungi, Antimicrobial Activity, Medicinal Plants, Anambra State, Nigeria, Novel Antibiotics, Bioactive Compounds, Ocimum Gratissimum, Vernonia Amygdalina, Azadirachta Indica
Copyright (c) 2026 Williams Charles Ezennaya (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF INDIGENOUS SOIL MICROBIAL CONSORTIA IN BIODEGRADATION OF PLASTIC WASTE IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
This paper will discuss how plastic-contaminated native soil microbial consortia contained in the state of Anambra, Nigeria can be used to biodegrade plastic (PE) and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste materials. The main aim is to identify and describe these consortia, determine its degradation performance at both laboratory and field setup and establish an initial bioremediation procedure. Three locations, namely a landfill site in Onitsha, a dumpsite in Awka and an industrial area in Nnewi were used as the locations of soil sampling which consisted of 30 samples at 0-20 cm depth of the soil in each site. Isolation of microbes entailed enrichment cultures under PE and PET as the only carbon sources and thereafter, 16S rRNA and ITS sequencing was done. Degradation was measured through an 60 days incubation by weight loss and by products GC-MS study. Mesh bags were used in in-situ assessment. Findings determined six consortia, the majority of which included Bacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., and Aspergillus spp., which produced PE and PET with 12-18% and 10-15% weight loss, respectively, which the ANOVA verified as site-specific. Field degradation achieved 8-12 hence applicability. Intermediates that were identified by GC-MS included aldehydes and carboxylic acids, which were indicators of oxidative pathways. The research paper is relevant to microbiology because it emphasizes the microbial diversity of an area to manage waste sustainably, and it suggests a scalable approach to Nigeria. Limitations are that the incubation period is not very long and that the environmental variables may be hazardous, in future research genetic engineering ought to be researched on so as to make better use of it. On the whole, the indigenous consortia are a promising and environmentally-friendly way of solving plastic pollution in developing areas.
Plastic Biodegradation, Microbial Consortia, Polyethylene, Polyethylene Terephthalate, Soil Microbiology, Bioremediation
Copyright (c) 2026 Nnamdi Osondu (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF EMERGING PHARMACEUTICAL POLLUTANTS IN NIGERIAN SURFACE WATERS USING LOCALLY SOURCED CLAY-BASED NANOMATERIALS
The new drug pollutants in the surface waters are very harmful to the environment and health especially in developing countries such as Nigeria whereby the treatment of waste water is ineffective. This paper will analyze photocatalytic degradation of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin in Nigerian surface water using iron-doped kaolinite nanomaterials produced using locally available clay. Anthropogenic contamination was observed in water samples of the Ogun River and Lagos Lagoon of the Lagos metropolis with a baseline ibuprofen concentration of 5.2-12.8 μg/L and a ciprofloxacin concentration of 3.1-9.4 μg/L. Wet impregnation was used to prepare iron-doped kaolinite photocatalysts, which was characterized through X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis with an increase in surface area (45 m 2 /g) and a decrease in bandgap (2.8 eV). The degradation efficiencies of ibuprofen and ciprofloxacin were 92 and 85 percent under simulated solar irradiation in 120 minutes with the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The stability was also tested in terms of the reusability that showed the ability to sustain five cycles with a slow efficiency loss (less than 10 percent). The human health consequences of being exposed to the pollutants can be highlighted by the demographic statistics of the Lagos metropolis, which consists of a population of 17.1 million people, the majority of which are urban residents who are employed as traders and industrialists. Field sampling and laboratory tests were used to collect primary data, which combined the monitoring of the environment and the use of nanomaterials. Results indicate iron-doped kaolinite as the affordable and sustainable solution to water purification in resource-restricted environments, which is part of the global campaign against pharmaceutical pollution. The scaling in the future may reduce ecological effects in the contaminated Nigerian waterways.
Photocatalytic Degradation, Pharmaceutical Pollutants, Iron-doped Kaolinite, Nigerian Surface Waters, Nanomaterials, Ibuprofen, Ciprofloxacin, Water Remediation, Environmental Health, Sustainable Technology.
Copyright (c) 2026 Njideka Offor (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE POTENTIAL OF LOCALLY SOURCED PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR ENERGY HARVESTING IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
The long-standing energy supply issues faced in Nigeria and especially in areas such as Anambra State where power cuts are the main causes of poor socio-economic development requires the use of viable domestic solutions. The paper evaluates the piezoelectric energy harvesting of naturally occurring quartz and tourmaline in Abagana and Ukpo areas of the state of Anambra. To be ethical, 50 samples (25 samples of quartz and 25 samples of tourmaline) were visited in five artisanal mining sites that were chosen purposely and with the help of miners. Measurement of longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient (d 3 ) at Nnamdi Azikiwe University was done with measuring Berlincourt meter and voltage pressure within conditions of simulated mechanical stress that determines footsteps and machinery vibration common in local markets and industries across the region. The mean d 33 of 2.15 + 0.18 pC/NUnder compressive load of 500 N is 2 Hz yielded quantitative results as determined by statistical software giving means of 2.15 0.18 pC/N in quartz and 3.82 0.45 pC/N in tourmaline, with average open-circuit voltages of 18.7 mV and 24.6 mV, respectively. A prototype cantilever with processed samples of tourmaline generated a maximum of 12 μW in a simulated foot traffic, and was shown to be viable in making low-power devices. The abundance of materials and challenges of extraction and processing were highlighted in a qualitative study on 10 miners (80% male), with a mean age of 44 years, and 10 owners of small and medium enterprises (70% male), whose average age was 39 years. The scientific standards, such as consent of the community and sustainability, were maintained. Results verify that tourmaline is the best of natural minerals to work with in the context of generating decentralized energy in off-grids. This helps to enhance the lead free piezoelectric research, as part of environmental sustainability and renewable energy targets of Nigeria and suggests that policy reinforcement should be through the refinement of local materials and local based projects.
Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting, Quartz, Tourmaline, Lead-Free Materials, Anambra State, Renewable Energy, Sustainable Development
Copyright (c) 2026 Chinazo Desmond Nwajiobi (Author)
DEVELOPING A NOVEL FRAMEWORK FOR OPTIMIZING COST ESTIMATION IN AFFORDABLE HOUSING PROJECTS USING BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
The reality of affordable housing remained an issue in developing countries such as Nigeria highlights the necessity to find a new solution to the reduction of costs in construction projects. This research establishes the new Building Information Modelling (BIM)-based system that is geared towards reaching cost estimation optimization strength in low cost housing projects in Anambra State in Nigeria. The framework incorporates digital modelling to enhance precision, co-ordination and resource usage by fixing the inaccuracies in conventional techniques of computation of costs which in most cases result in cost overruns, project delays and resource wastage. The study will focus on quantity surveyors, contractors and developers in major city centers like Onitsha, Awka, and Nnewi where there is a severe housing shortage as a result of high urbanization and economic stress. A mixed-method design was used, but primary data using structured questionnaires were collected with 50 quantity surveyors and semi-structured interviews with 20 contractors, and cost data were collected on five ongoing affordable housing projects. It was a demonstration prototype, built in Autodesk Revit and Navisworks that included simplified procedures that are appropriate to a small and medium enterprise (SME) with minimal technological capabilities. Quantitative data were analyzed through SPSS and demonstrated that there were more important difficulties to be overcome as software inaccessibility (mean score 4.2 out of 5 points on the scale), skill gaps (mean 3.8), and thematic analysis of interviews showed such issues as high initial costs and resistance to change. Comparative testing revealed that BIM estimates minimized deviation by 18-25 percent of the traditional techniques, and cost savings of project averages of 12 percent. Participants (n= 354) were mostly male (78), aged 35-50 (mean= 42), had tertiary education (65%), and more than 10 years experience (72%). There were ethical procedures that guaranteed a person the informed consent and confidentiality. The framework provides the scalability of the cost optimization solution that facilitates a sustainable delivery of housing. Policy support such as creation of BIM training, and encouragement of its adoption in the construction industry of Nigeria is suggested. The study plays the role of filling the gap in the quantity surveying literature by harmonizing the digital innovation aspect with the local contexts in order to enable economic advancement by way of effective resource allocation.
Building Information Modelling, Cost Estimation, Affordable Housing, Quantity Surveying, Construction Framework, Sustainable Development.
Copyright (c) 2026 Maduekeh Chiedu Okwudili (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE GENETIC DIVERSITY AND BIOTECHNOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF ENDOPHYTIC FUNGI IN NIGERIAN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEMS FOR NOVEL BIOACTIVE COMPOUND DISCOVERY
The mangrove ecosystems in Nigeria, especially the Niger Delta and the Lagos lagoon, are biodiverse ecosystems that harbor endophytic fungi that have untapped potential of producing new bioactive compounds. The proposed research will also seek to explore the genetic variation and biotechnological uses of these fungi and how they can be used to solve antimicrobial resistance and other health problems in Nigeria. Sampling will focus on Bonny Island, Niger Delta, which is severely affected by oil pollution, and Ikorodu, which is mildly affected by anthropogenic activities, in the Lagos Lagoon to allow making comparative studies. The seasonal sampling of leaves, stems, and roots of dominant mangrove species will be done such as Rhizophora racemosa and Avicennia germinans. Isolation of endophytic fungi will be done through surface sterilization and culture on potato dextrose agar, morphological and molecular identification done using ITS rDNA sequences and genetic diversity evaluated with phylogenetic programs such as MEGA software. Fermentation, secondary metabolite extraction, pathogen assays (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli) and HeLa cancer cell assays will be used in bioactive screening, and compound identification will be done using the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry technique. The impacts of pollution will be evaluated by environmental parameters such as the pH in soil and the content of hydrocarbons. The demographic backgrounds are Donny Island with its population of around 309,200 (mainly Ibani Ijaw) who depend on fishing and oil supply and Ikorodu with its population of about 1,197,000 inhabitants in 2025 with different ethnic groups and involved in commerce and farming. The methods of primary data collection, which are field surveys and laboratory experiments, will expect at least 50 isolates, high genetic polymorphism, as well as correlations between stressors and metabolite production. This study will fill gaps in African mangrove microbiology, which will aid in discovering drugs in a sustainable manner and protecting the ecosystem.
Endophytic Fungi, Mangrove Ecosystems, Genetic Diversity, Bioactive Compounds, ITS Sequencing, Gas Chromatography-mass Spectrometry, Antimicrobial Activity, Oil Pollution.
Copyright (c) 2026 Juliana Afugbuom (Author)
DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST IOT-BASED FRAMEWORK FOR REAL-TIME MONITORING OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SYSTEMS IN RURAL ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Introducing renewable energy systems, especially solar plants in the rural communities of the developing world like Nigeria have played a critical role in relieving the energy poverty but problems like inefficient systems, expensive maintenance, and real-time monitoring have still remained a challenge. This research forms and executes a low-cost Internet of Things (IoT) system to track renewable energy infrastructure in rural in underserved Anambra State, Nigeria, and specifically solar photovoltaic (PV) systems. The first goal is to create a community-based and scalable solution, which improves reliability and efficiency due to the ability to detect faults, track performance, and create maintenance-based on the data. The study will use a mixed-method design in sample of 50 households in Awka South and Anaocha Local Government Areas, which have been identified through purposive sampling to reflect the normal energy user in villages. Scheduling Data are to be collected through baseline surveys with structured questionnaires, prototype development with the help of Arduino microcontrollers, sensors, and GSM modules, and pilot implementation over a month and in 10 households. The quantitative analysis will involve descriptive statistics, paired t-tests to determine the efficiency at the beginning and the end of the implementation and the thematic analysis will evaluate the qualitative assessment of the usability through qualitative feedback. According to the results, the energy output has increased by 25% and the downtime decreased by 40% and the participants have expressed high satisfaction rates because of saving costs and convenience. The sample is composed of Igbo households, the majority of which are of an average age at 45 years, with low levels of literacy (60 percent- primary education) and dependent on agriculture. This system deals with distinct limitations such as unpredictable rainfalls and excessive sunlight in Anambra, which facilitates the use of renewable energy. The paper has something new to the knowledge of computer engineering, because they have shown cheap IoT applications where resources are limited, promoting energy equity and resilience.
IoT Framework, Renewable Energy Monitoring, Solar PV Systems, Rural Nigeria, Real-time Data, Low-cost Technology
Copyright (c) 2026 Chibueze Ezeokafor (Author)
ASSESSING THE EFFICACY OF BAMBOO-REINFORCED CONCRETE FOR SUSTAINABLE LOW-COST HOUSING IN ANAMBRA STATE, NIGERIA
Due to the increasing number of people in need of affordable housing in developing countries such as Anambra State, Nigeria, and the need to have sustainable construction, which was environmentally friendly, alternative materials that would be used to reinforce concrete have been sought. This paper assesses the effectiveness of bamboo-reinforced concrete as a promising alternative to low cost housing in terms of mechanical properties, durability, cost-effectiveness, and practical considerations to apply. By using mixed methods, the study was carried out at three locations in the State of Anambra: Awka, Onitsha and Nnewi which were chosen based on their varying soil types, population densities and housing demands. Locally, bamboo culms of the Bambusa vulgaris species were increased and added to the M20 grade concrete mixes by exposure to a 5% solution of borax to improve preservation. Tensile, compressive and bond tests were done using universal testing machines as comparative tests with steel-reinforced concrete as per the ASTM standards. Durability was tested by exposure to the tropical humid three months under the hot environment where degradation and intake of moisture were measured. The cost analysis entailed the sourcing of information in the local markets which led to an average of 35% reduction in the reinforcement cost in the case of bamboo. Tensile strengths of 160-195 Mpa, compressive strengths equivalent to steel after 28 days (somewhere 25-30 Mpa after 28 days on beams), and bond strengths increased with surface treatments were found. Depreciation tests indicated that there was under 4 per cent degradation, which affirmed that it is tough in humid conditions. The researchers used surveys of 150 respondents in low-income households in the study locations, of which 60 percent were aged between 25-45 years, were mainly urban migrants, and they experienced housing scarcity assessed at more than half a million units statewide. The findings highlight the potential of bamboo in saving up to 30-40 percent of construction costs and ensuring environmental sustainability but such issues as the fluctuation in the material properties imply standard requirements. The study will play a role in ensuring sustainable construction in tropical Africa which will promote policy instalment of bamboo in the national housing systems.
Bamboo-reinforced Concrete, Sustainable Housing, Mechanical Properties, Durability, Cost-effectiveness.
Copyright (c) 2026 Baba Benjamin Samson (Author)
ENHANCING EDUCATIONAL ENGAGEMENT THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF VIRTUAL LABS AND SIMULATIONS IN CONTEMPORARY EDUCATION
Virtual laboratories and system modeling brings revolutionary opportunities to the modern educational process to improve student engagement, strengthen conceptual understanding, and close access inequality in science education. This paper examines the effectiveness of these technologies in facilitating active learning, critical thinking, and development of practical skills in the various learning contexts. The study relies on peer-reviewed articles, school reports, and case studies of 1980-2025 to discuss their applications, results, and issues using a secondary data synthesis approach. Results show that virtual labs and simulations enhance student learning by 15-30 percent in STEM fields and also overcome inequity in limited resources settings. Training gaps, technological infrastructure, and inclusive design are also found with suggestions to implement it in a scalable manner and provide access fairly. The synthesis of the evidence presented worldwide suggests that this work can offer practical information to teachers and policymakers to adopt technology to create active and inclusive learning experiences.
Virtual Labs, Simulations, Educational Engagement, Technology Integration, STEM Education, Active Learning, Educational Equity
Copyright (c) 2026 Mary Ifeoma Mba (Author)
INVESTIGATING THE INTEGRATION OF SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AND ENGAGEMENT IN POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION
The incorporation of software technologies into post-primary education has become one of the key approaches towards the development of scientific literacy and student engagement. This paper will discuss the ways in which digital science education: simulation software, virtual laboratories, and interactive learning platforms can change the approach to teaching science via inquiry-based learning and critical thinking. The studies explore the effectiveness of such technologies in enhancing students knowledge of scientific concepts and their desire to learn science through a mixed-method approach. A sample of 300 post primary students and 50 science teachers in urban and rural schools in Ireland were used to gather data. The results show that software technologies are of great help in increasing scientific literacy, especially with the help of pedagogical strategies that put emphasis on student-centered learning. Nevertheless, there are limitations related to such challenges as insufficient teacher training, a lack of access to technologies in rural environments, and inconsistency of policies that undermine the widespread distribution. The paper highlights the importance of thorough professional growth and equal distribution of resources to help to make the best out of technology in science education. The recommendations involve changes in the curriculum to incorporate the use of digital tools and special interventions to overcome infrastructural differences.
Scientific literacy, software technologies, post-primary education, student engagement, inquiry-based learning, digital tools, science education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Uzodinma Obialo Onuoha (Author)
EXPLORING THE SYNERGISTIC EFFECTS OF TELFAIRIA OCCIDENTALIS EXTRACTS IN COMBINATION WITH CONVENTIONAL ANTIBIOTICS AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT PATHOGENS
The increased use of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens is a scenario that has required new therapeutic approaches to help increase the effectiveness of available antibiotics. This paper examines synergetic opportunities of Telfairia occidentalis (fluted pumpkin) leaf and seed extract to use with traditional antibiotics (such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) to treat MDR bacterial strains. The study is assessed by in vitro analysis of minimum concentration of inhibition (MICs), fractional concentration indices (FICI), and time- Kill kinetics of such combinations. The findings show that Telfairia occidentalis extracts are highly effective in improving antibiotic efficacy as reductions in MICs reached up to 64-fold and synergetic FICIs (<0.5) were observed in three-quarters of interactions. The bioactive compounds that have been cited as the cause of this in the study include flavonoid and alkaloids, and mechanisms that have been proposed include efflux pump and membrane disruption. These results are important to highlight the opportunities of Telfairia occidentalis as an adjunct in the fight against MDR infections to fill important gaps in the treatment of antibiotic resistance. Clinical translation and subsequent phytochemical analysis recommendations are given.
Telfairia occidentalis, multidrug-resistant pathogens, antibiotic synergy, phytochemicals, fractional inhibitory concentration index, efflux pump inhibition.
Copyright (c) 2026 Clara Okeniyi (Author)
ENHANCING PHYSICS PRACTICALITY THROUGH TECHNOLOGY: AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF VIRTUAL LABS AND SIMULATIONS IN PHYSICS EDUCATION
The virtual labs and simulation integration with the physics courses gives enormous potential to change the gap between the theoretical underpinnings and the real-life application of the knowledge in order to get a deeper insight and experience. This paper discusses how these technologies are effective in improving the feasibility of physics in post-primary and in tertiary education. The study evaluates the involvement of the use of virtual tools in overcoming the challenges encountered by teachers within this sector that include resource issues, lack of student interest, and unavailability of practical experimentation through a thorough synthesis of secondary literature in the form of peer-reviewed studies, education reports, and case studies published between 1970 and 2025. Among the major discoveries are that virtual laboratories enhance conceptual mastery by as much as 30 percent and make students more motivated, especially when the under-resourced environment is considered. The review identifies the weaknesses of conventional laboratory practices and suggests ways to address the limitations such as the training of teachers and access to technology. This work sheds light on the role of simulations in inquiry based learning that can be applied by teachers and policy makers to streamline physics education in an ever-changing, technology-focused world.
Virtual Laboratories, Simulations, Physics Education, Inquiry-Based Learning, Educational Technology, Conceptual Knowledge, Student Engagement, Equity in Education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Livinus Odo (Author)
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL LITERACY AND ADHERENCE TO DIETARY PROTOCOLS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES IN ENUGU STATE, NIGERIA
This paper explores the repercussion between nutritional literacy and adherence to dietary measures set among people with diabetes in Enugu State in Nigeria. The level of nutritional literacy, which includes the capacity to access, understand, and use any information related to nutrition, is essential to manage diabetes properly. The topic of the research fills the knowledge gap regarding the role of nutritional literacy as a variable affecting dietary adherence in a resource-limited environment with distinct socio-cultural interplay. The sample surveyed consisted of 400 individuals with diabetes diagnosis, chosen by means of the purposive sampling of healthcare facilities in Enugu State. Validated questionnaires that were used to determine nutritional literacy and dietary adherence were used to collect the data and supplemented with discussions in focus groups. The results indicate a strong positive relationship exists between nutritional literacy and compliance to dietary guidelines, and the socio-demographic variables: education, income, and access to healthcare services are mediating ones. The research indicates that a specific nutrition education intervention is important to close the literacy gap and achieve better outcomes of diabetes in Nigeria. The measures that come into recommendation involve incorporation of nutritional literacy into primary care, and the ability to use the community platform to promote dietary compliance.
Nutritional literacy, dietary adherence, diabetes management, Enugu State, Nigeria, nutrition education.
Copyright (c) 2026 Dilys Onoriode Ekireghwo (Author)
THE ROLE OF ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE IN ENHANCING TECHNICAL SKILL DEVELOPMENT AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study explores the transformative impact of advanced computer hardware on technical skill development among undergraduate students in Cross River State, Nigeria. With the rapid integration of technology in education, advanced hardware such as high-performance processors, GPUs, and specialized computing devices offers unprecedented opportunities for skill acquisition in fields like programming, data analysis, and digital design. Using a primary data collection method, this research surveyed 400 undergraduate students across three universities in Cross River State, employing a mixed-methods approach with structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.67, p < 0.05) between access to advanced hardware and proficiency in technical skills, particularly in computer science and engineering disciplines. However, challenges such as inadequate infrastructure, high costs, and limited training hinder optimal utilization. The study underscores the need for strategic investments in hardware resources and faculty development to bridge the digital divide and enhance employability. Recommendations include public-private partnerships to fund hardware upgrades and curriculum integration of hands-on training with advanced systems. This research contributes to the discourse on technology-driven education in developing contexts, emphasizing hardware as a catalyst for skill development.
Advanced Computer Hardware, Technical Skills, Undergraduate Students, Technology in Education, Digital Divide
Copyright (c) 2025 Patience James Oden (Author)
THE CORRELATION BETWEEN FOOD SKILLS AND HEALTHY FOOD PREFERENCES AMONG MIDDLE-AGED ADULTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study explores the correlation between food skills and healthy food preferences among middle-aged adults (aged 40–60) in Cross River State, Nigeria, a region undergoing rapid nutrition transition. Using a cross-sectional design, data were collected from 500 participants across urban and rural communities via structured questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. Findings reveal a significant positive correlation (r = 0.62, p < 0.01) between food skills encompassing meal planning, preparation, and budgeting and preferences for nutrient-dense foods like fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Socio-demographic factors, including education (β = 0.28, p < 0.05) and income (β = 0.19, p < 0.05), significantly influenced this relationship, with urban residents showing stronger preferences for processed foods. Rural participants with higher food skills demonstrated greater adherence to traditional, healthier diets (p < 0.01). The socio-ecological model guided the study, highlighting the interplay of individual, interpersonal, and environmental factors in shaping food choices. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance food skills, particularly in urban areas, to promote healthier dietary patterns and combat the rising burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Recommendations include community-based cooking programs and nutrition education tailored to local contexts. This study contributes to understanding dietary behaviors in Nigeria’s nutrition transition landscape.
Food Skills, Healthy Food Preferences, Middle-Aged Adults, Nutrition Transition, Socio-Ecological Model, Non-Communicable Diseases
Copyright (c) 2025 Samuel Atam Inyabri (Author)
HARNESSING ADVANCED SOFTWARE TECHNOLOGIES TO ENHANCE SCIENTIFIC LITERACY AND EXPOSURE IN THE POST-PRIMARY EDUCATION OF CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the transformative potential of advanced software technologies in bolstering scientific literacy and exposure among post-primary students in Cross River State, Nigeria. Amid global strides in educational technology, Nigerian schools face persistent challenges, including limited access to digital tools and inadequate teacher training. Employing a descriptive survey design, data were gathered through questionnaires from 400 participants (300 students and 100 teachers) across 10 public secondary schools in Calabar. Results indicate that 70% of students lack access to computers, while 75% of teachers report insufficient training in software integration. However, 85% of respondents believe tools like virtual labs and e-learning platforms could enhance scientific understanding. Key barriers include erratic power supply (92%) and poor internet connectivity (68%). The study proposes mobile-based learning and teacher capacity-building as viable solutions. Recommendations include government-led infrastructure upgrades, curriculum reforms to embed technology, and partnerships with tech firms to provide affordable tools. This research illuminates a path toward leveraging software technologies to foster scientific literacy, equipping students for a technology-driven future.
Scientific Literacy, Advanced Software Technologies, Post-Primary Education, Digital Divide, Educational Technology.
Copyright (c) 2025 Felix Ebri Patrick (Author)
HARNESSING POWERSAS SIMULATION MODELING FOR ADVANCING PROFICIENCIES IN POWER SYSTEM IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Cross River State, Nigeria, endowed with abundant renewable energy resources, faces persistent electricity challenges that hinder socio-economic development. This study explores the application of PowerSAS simulation modeling to enhance power system proficiencies, focusing on small hydropower (SHP) potential in the state’s hilly regions. Utilizing a primary data collection approach through field surveys and stakeholder interviews, we assessed demographic profiles, energy needs, and system performance across six Local Government Areas (LGAs). PowerSAS was employed to simulate power generation scenarios, optimizing energy output and cost-efficiency. Findings indicate that Kwa Falls, Kundeve, and Ajasor streams hold significant SHP potential, with a combined capacity of 20 MW during peak seasons. The study highlights the model’s ability to integrate demographic data and site-specific parameters to improve system reliability. Challenges such as funding and infrastructure gaps were identified, underscoring the need for policy reforms. Recommendations include capacity building for local engineers and public-private partnerships to scale SHP projects. This research provides a framework for leveraging simulation tools to address Nigeria’s energy crisis sustainably.
PowerSAS, Small Hydropower, Simulation Modeling, Renewable Energy, Power System Proficiency
Copyright (c) 2025 Otu Ogbodim Eya (Author)
AN ANALYTICAL STUDY ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRITIONAL LITERACY AND ADHERENCE TO DIETARY PROTOCOLS AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
Diabetes mellitus, a growing public health challenge in Nigeria, demands effective dietary management to mitigate complications. This study investigates the relationship between nutritional literacy and adherence to dietary protocols among individuals with type 2 diabetes in Cross River State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional design was employed, utilizing a structured questionnaire and 24-hour dietary recall to collect primary data from 384 participants across urban and rural communities. Nutritional literacy was assessed using a validated Nutrition Literacy Assessment Instrument, while adherence was measured via the Dietary Adherence Scale. Findings revealed that 42.7% of participants had adequate nutritional literacy, with higher literacy levels in urban areas (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.12–2.34). Adherence to dietary protocols was low (36.2%), with significant associations between nutritional literacy and adherence (p < 0.001). Socio-demographic factors, including education (p = 0.002), income (p = 0.015), and urban residence (p = 0.008), influenced both literacy and adherence. Barriers such as cultural food preferences and limited access to healthy foods were identified. The study underscores the need for targeted nutrition education interventions to enhance dietary adherence and improve health outcomes. Recommendations include integrating nutrition literacy programs into diabetes care and addressing socio-economic barriers to healthy eating.
Nutritional Literacy, Dietary Adherence, Type 2 Diabetes, Socio-demographic Factors, Nutrition Education
Copyright (c) 2025 Eunice Ifere Ewa (Author)
EXPLORING THE EFFECT OF EXPENSE SURGE IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
The construction industry in Cross River State, Nigeria, has experienced significant cost escalations, impacting project delivery and economic development. This study investigates the effects of expense surges on construction projects, focusing on cost overruns, project delays, and stakeholder dynamics. Utilizing a primary data collection approach, structured questionnaires were administered to 150 construction professionals, including contractors, engineers, and quantity surveyors, across major urban centers in Cross River State. Descriptive statistics and regression analysis revealed that inflation, exchange rate volatility, and supply chain disruptions are primary drivers of expense surges, contributing to 92% of cost overruns in public projects. The demographic analysis highlighted a predominantly male workforce, with 65% aged between 30–45 years, and varying experience levels influencing perceptions of cost management. The study identifies significant challenges, including project abandonment and compromised quality, while proposing policy interventions like inflation-indexed contracts and local material sourcing to mitigate expense surges. These findings contribute to understanding the economic pressures on Nigeria’s construction sector and offer actionable recommendations for stakeholders aiming to enhance project efficiency and sustainability.
Expense Surge, Construction Industry, Cost Overrun, Inflation, Supply Chain Disruptions, Primary Data Collection
Copyright (c) 2025 Simon Ellah Egomo (Author)
THE ROLE OF ADVANCED COMPUTER HARDWARE IN ENHANCING TECHNICAL SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN UNDERGRADUATES IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the transformative potential of advanced computer hardware in fostering technical skills development among undergraduates in Cross River State, Nigeria. As global industries increasingly demand digitally proficient graduates, Nigerian universities face challenges such as outdated hardware, limited access to modern facilities, and inadequate technical training. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected via questionnaires from 400 undergraduates and 80 lecturers across five public universities in Cross River State. Results indicate that only 30% of students have regular access to advanced hardware like high-performance computers, while 75% of lecturers report insufficient infrastructure to support technical skills training. However, 82% of participants believe advanced hardware, such as graphic processing units (GPUs) and virtual reality (VR) systems, could enhance skills in programming, data analysis, and engineering design. Key barriers include erratic power supply (88%) and high equipment costs (70%). The study proposes solutions like government-funded hardware upgrades and industry partnerships. Grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), this research underscores the need for accessible, high-quality hardware to bridge the technical skills gap, preparing undergraduates for a competitive global workforce.
Advanced Computer Hardware, Technical Skills, Undergraduates, Digital Literacy, Technology Acceptance Model
Copyright (c) 2025 Wilson Felix Bassey (Author)
ASSESSMENT OF AUTOCAD PROFICIENCY AMONG CIVIL ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA: IMPLICATIONS FOR ADVANCING CONTEMPORARY CIVIL ENGINEERING PRACTICES
In the rapidly evolving field of civil engineering, proficiency in Computer-Aided Design (CAD) tools like AutoCAD is pivotal for modern design and construction practices. This study assesses the AutoCAD proficiency levels of civil engineering students in Cross River State, Nigeria, exploring its implications for advancing contemporary civil engineering practices. Using a descriptive survey design, data were collected from 384 students across three tertiary institutions through structured questionnaires and practical AutoCAD skill tests. Findings revealed that 62% of students demonstrated moderate proficiency, with significant gaps in advanced features like 3D modeling and parametric design. Demographic analysis indicated no significant gender-based differences, but proficiency varied by academic level, with final-year students outperforming others. Challenges included limited access to updated software, inadequate training facilities, and outdated curricula. These findings underscore the need for curriculum reform, enhanced training infrastructure, and industry-academia collaboration to align student skills with global standards. Recommendations include integrating advanced AutoCAD modules, establishing CAD laboratories, and fostering partnerships with engineering firms to enhance practical exposure. This study highlights the critical role of AutoCAD proficiency in preparing students for innovative civil engineering practices, contributing to sustainable infrastructure development in Nigeria.
AutoCAD, Civil Engineering, Proficiency, CAD training, curriculum reform
Copyright (c) 2025 Eyo Eyo Effiong (Author)
EXPLORING HOW A VIRTUAL CHICKEN GROWTH SIMULATOR SPARKS CURIOSITY IN AGRICULTURE STUDIES AMONG STUDENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the impact of a Virtual Chicken Growth Simulator (VCGS) on fostering curiosity in agriculture studies among secondary school students in Cross River State, Nigeria. With agriculture being a cornerstone of Nigeria’s economy, yet facing declining interest among youth, innovative educational tools like VCGS offer a promising avenue to engage students. Using a primary data collection method, a survey was conducted with 300 students across five secondary schools in Calabar, employing a mixed-methods approach with questionnaires and focus group discussions. The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) served as the theoretical framework, assessing perceived usefulness and ease of use as predictors of curiosity. Results indicate that 78% of students reported heightened curiosity about poultry farming after using VCGS, with a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.65, p < 0.05) between simulator use and interest in agriculture studies. Qualitative findings reveal that interactive features, such as real-time growth tracking and problem-solving scenarios, were key motivators. Gender differences showed males (82%) slightly more curious than females (74%), though both groups valued the simulator’s practical relevance. The study underscores VCGS’s potential to bridge theoretical learning and practical agricultural engagement, recommending its integration into the curriculum and further development with local content.
Virtual Chicken Growth Simulator, agriculture studies, curiosity, TAM, poultry farming.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ubi Ofem Ubi, James Uba Uba (Author)
UTILIZING SPICE SIMULATION TO ADVANCE CIRCUIT DESIGN PROFICIENCY AMONG ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING STUDENTS IN CROSS RIVER STATE, NIGERIA
This study investigates the efficacy of SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation in enhancing circuit design proficiency among electrical engineering students in Cross River State, Nigeria. With the increasing complexity of modern electronics, proficiency in circuit design is critical for engineering graduates. However, traditional teaching methods often lack practical, hands-on simulation tools like SPICE, which can bridge theoretical knowledge and real-world application. Using a primary data collection method, this research involved 120 students from two institutions, the University of Calabar and the Cross River University of Technology, divided into experimental (SPICE-integrated) and control (traditional) groups. Pre- and post-intervention assessments measured circuit design skills, focusing on accuracy, speed, and problem-solving ability. Results revealed that the experimental group exhibited a statistically significant improvement (p < 0.05), with a mean score increase of 15.6 points compared to 4.2 in the control group. Qualitative feedback highlighted SPICE’s role in enhancing understanding of circuit behavior and reducing design errors. The study aligns with global trends in engineering education, emphasizing simulation tools’ transformative potential. Challenges such as limited computer access and software familiarity were noted, suggesting the need for infrastructural investment and training. This research contributes to the discourse on technology-enhanced learning in developing contexts, recommending the integration of SPICE into electrical engineering curricula in Cross River State to prepare students for industry demands. Future studies should explore long-term impacts and scalability across Nigeria.
SPICE simulation, circuit design, electrical engineering, engineering education, technology-enhanced learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rilwan Alao Olasunmade (Author)